The School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape (established in 1971 as the Faculty of Environmental Design) offers professional course-based Master’s degrees in Architecture, Planning, and Landscape Architecture and advanced thesis-based Master’s and Doctoral degrees for candidates who wish to augment their professional training and career experience with problem-oriented research. The School also offers an undergraduate program that provides a foundational introduction to Architecture, Planning, Landscape Architecture, and other city-building related fields. The Bachelor of Design in City Innovation employs a design-based theoretical framework for understanding the world. The degree is also consistent with comparable pre-professional degrees in other institutions across North America. The City Innovation component indicates the specific focus of the design-based inquiry: the physical and social infrastructure of cities at a variety of scales ranging from objects and buildings to landscapes and community plans.