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Current CO₂ storage inventories are in the few tens of millions of tons of captured CO₂ annually, with the development of being an exciting scaling of the options. However active removal of carbon from the atmosphere at gigaton scale annually is a requirement for climate mitigation strategies in the later part of the 21^st century. This is a very grand challenge and an X-Prize in this area was recently announced by Elon Musk-

We have several projects looking at the feasibility of gigantic scale carbon capture and storage including several Ocean based approaches and alternate routes to subsurface, soil or other forms of geological storage. We collectively term these alternate routes to secure geological storage-AVECS or “Alternate vectors for carbon storage”.

Sequestering the vast amount of atmospheric material that is required to limit global climate change impacts is an outstanding issue, mainly because CO₂ underground storage in a supercritical phase is expensive and spatially restricted, requiring deep well sealed reservoirs. The AVECS research project addresses this issue by developing affordable and sustainable routes for carbon storage in geological settings from biologically captured CO₂. Such approach is a negative CO₂ emission strategy that, if successful, stands poised to immediately revolutionize carbon storage technologies and mitigate pollutant loads associated with fossil fuel use. Each step of the proposed research requires multidisciplinary expertise and collaboration with research leaders and innovators at the ����ɫ�� and beyond, which will ultimately enable the creation of a scientific and technological area with large potential societal impacts.

Biological capture of CO₂ from air plus carbon storage as Alternate Vectors for Carbon Storage (AVECS)

The process converts microbial, algal or higher plant biomass to non-buoyant, stable and biologically refractory, water soluble forms for subsurface storage or insoluble forms for soil storage.

Three broad target AVECS forms have been identified:

• Store AVECS in shallow contaminated aquifers or oil and gas reservoirs
• Store insoluble AVECS in natural or synthetic soils as soil OM
• Store AVECS as marine DOM analogs

There are multiple biomass to geologically stable carbon conversion chemistries being developed and tested.